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| common lab valuea | |
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عدد المساهمات : 572 السٌّمعَة : 1 تاريخ الميلاد : 08/02/1988 تاريخ التسجيل : 28/05/2011 العمر : 36 الموقع : The Earth
| موضوع: common lab valuea الأربعاء 17 أغسطس 2011 - 7:53 | |
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Common Lab Values
Hematology Values
HEMATOCRIT (HCT) Normal Adult Female Range: 37 - 47% Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42% Normal Adult Male Range 40 - 54% Optimal Adult Male Reading: 47 Normal Newborn Range: 50 - 62% Optimal Newborn Reading: 56
HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
Normal Adult Female Range: 12 - 16 g/dl Optimal Adult Female Reading: 14 g/dl Normal Adult Male Range: 14 - 18 g/dl Optimal Adult Male Reading: 16 g/dl Normal Newborn Range: 14 - 20 g/dl Optimal Newborn Reading: 17 g/dl
MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
Normal Adult Range: 27 - 33 pg Optimal Adult Reading: 30
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
Normal Adult Range: 80 - 100 fl Optimal Adult Reading: 90 Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
Normal Adult Range: 32 - 36 % Optimal Adult Reading: 34 Higher ranges are found in newborns and infants
R.B.C. (Red Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Female Range: 3.9 - 5.2 mill/mcl Optimal Adult Female Reading: 4.55 Normal Adult Male Range: 4.2 - 5.6 mill/mcl Optimal Adult Male Reading: 4.9 Lower ranges are found in Children, newborns and infants
W.B.C. (White Blood Cell Count)
Normal Adult Range: 3.8 - 10.8 thous/mcl Optimal Adult Reading: 7.3 Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants.
PLATELET COUNT
Normal Adult Range: 130 - 400 thous/mcl Optimal Adult Reading: 265 Higher ranges are found in children, newborns and infants
NEUTROPHILS and NEUTROPHIL COUNT - this isthe main defender of the body against infection and antigens. High levels may indicate an active infection.
Normal Adult Range: 48 - 73 % Optimal Adult Reading: 60.5 Normal Children’s Range: 30 - 60 % Optimal Children’s Reading: 45
LYMPHOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTE COUNT - Elevatedlevels may indicate active viral infections such asmeasles,rubella,chickenpox, or infectious mononucleosis.
Normal Adult Range: 18 - 48 % Optimal Adult Reading: 33 Normal Children’s Range: 25 - 50 % Optimal Children’s Reading: 37.5
MONOCYTES and MONOCYTE COUNT - Elevated levels are seen in tissue breakdownor chronic infections, carcinomas,leukemia (monocytic) or lymphomas.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 9 % Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
EOSINOPHILS and EOSINOPHIL COUNT - Elevated levels may indicate an allergic reactions or parasites.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 5 % Optimal Adult Reading: 2.5
BASOPHILS and BASOPHIL COUNT - Basophilicactivity is not fully understood but it is known to carry histamine, heparin and serotonin. High levels are found in allergic reactions.
Normal Adult Range: 0 - 2 % Optimal Adult Reading: 1
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عدد المساهمات : 572 السٌّمعَة : 1 تاريخ الميلاد : 08/02/1988 تاريخ التسجيل : 28/05/2011 العمر : 36 الموقع : The Earth
| موضوع: رد: common lab valuea الأربعاء 17 أغسطس 2011 - 7:54 | |
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[code][b][color=darkred]Electrolyte Values:-
· SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and Neurologic Sx.
Normal Adult Range: 135-146 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 140.5
· POTASSIUM - Potassium is the major intracellular cation. Very low value: Cardiac arythemia.
Normal Range: 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.5
CHLORIDE - Elevated levels are related to acidosis as wellas too much water crossing the cell membrane
Decreased levels with decreased serum albumin may indicate water deficiencycrossing thecell membrane (edema). - Diabetes
Normal Adult Range: 95-112 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 103 mEq/L
Discussion
Chloride contributes to the body’s acid/base balance. Along with Sodium, Potassium and Carbon Dioxide, it is important in evaluating acid/base relationships, state of hydration, adrenal and renal functions. Its level varies inversely with Carbon Dioxide. Chloride elevation indicates acidosis, decrease indicate alkalosis.
· CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) - The CO2 level is related tothe respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system. Generally when used with the other electrolytes, it is a good indicator of acidosis and alkalinity.
Normal Adult Range: 22-32 mEq/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 27
Normal Children's Range - 20 - 28 mEq/L Optimal Children's Reading: 24
· CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid.
Normal Adult Range: 8.5-10.3 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 9.4
Discussion
Serum calcium is not at all reflective of total body stores of calcium but rather reflects the metabolic and hormonal state of the individual. Ionic or free calcium is not only the biologically active form of calcium but reflects the amount of albumin and the blood pH.
Serum calcium can not be properly interpreted without serum albumin level. Use the formula Adjusted Calcium = Serum calcium - serum albumin + 4. By far the most common causes of hypocalcaemia are primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and drug-induced. A PTH, calcium, albumin and phosphorus level drawn simultaneously helps classify the etiology into main groups. Watch for signs of calcium deposition and kidney stones
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MAGNESIUM
Optimal Range: 2-3 mg/DL
Discussion
The serum magnesium is not reflective of total magnesium stores. Unfortunately there is not a good test for magnesium, but a red cell Mg level is preferable to serum magnesium. Approximately 2/3 to ¾ of magnesium in blood is not attached to protein.
· PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium.
Normal Adult Range: 2.5 - 4.5 mEq/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Normal Children's Range: 3 - 6 mEq/dl Optimal Children's Range: 4.5
· ANION GAP (Sodium + Potassium - CO2 + Chloride) - An increased measurement is associated with metabolic acidosis due to the overproduction of acids (a state of alkalinity is in effect). Decreased levels may indicate metabolic alkalosis due to the overproduction of alkaloids (a state of acidosis is in effect).
Normal Adult Range: 4 - 14 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 9
· CALCIUM / PHOSPHORUS Ratio
Normal Adult Range: 2.3 - 3.3 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 2.8
Normal Children’s range: 1.3 - 3.3 (calculated) Optimal Children’s Reading: 2.3
· SODIUM / POTASSIUM
Normal Adult Range: 26 - 38 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Readi[/center]ng: 32[/code] [/col or][/b] | |
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عدد المساهمات : 572 السٌّمعَة : 1 تاريخ الميلاد : 08/02/1988 تاريخ التسجيل : 28/05/2011 العمر : 36 الموقع : The Earth
| موضوع: رد: common lab valuea الأربعاء 17 أغسطس 2011 - 7:55 | |
| hepatic enzymes AST (Serum Glutamic-Oxalocetic Transaminase - SGOT ) Found primarily in the liver, heart,kidney, pancreas, and muscles. Seen in tissue damage, especially heart and live Normal Adult Range: 0 - 42 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 21
ALT (Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase - SGPT) - Decreased SGPT in combination with increased cholesterol levels is seen in cases of a congested liver. We also see increased levels in mononucleosis, alcoholism, liver damage, kidney infection, chemical pollutants or myocardial infarction Normal Adult Range: 0 - 48 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 24
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE- Used extensively as a tumor marker it is also present in bone injury, pregnancy, or skeletal growth (elevated readings. Low levels are sometimes found in hypoadrenia, protein deficiency, malnutrition and a number of vitamin deficiencies Normal Adult Range: 20 - 125 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 72.5 Normal Children's Range: 40 - 400 U/L Optimal Children's Reading: 220
GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase) - Elevatedlevels may be found in liver disease, alcoholism, bile-duct obstruction, cholangitis, drug abuse, and in some cases excessive magnesium ingestion. Decreased levels can be found in hypothyroidism, hypothalamic malfunction and low levels of magnesium. Normal Adult Female Range: 0 - 45 U/L
Optimal Female Reading: 22.5 Normal Adult Male Range: 0 - 65 U/L Optimal Male Reading: 32.5
LDH (Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase) - Increases are usuallyfound in cellular death and/or leakage fromthe cell or in some cases it can be useful in confirming myocardial or pulmonary infarction (only in relation to other tests). Decreased levelsof the enzyme maybe seen in cases of malnutrition, hypoglycemia, adrenal exhaustion or low tissue or organ activity. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 250 U/L
Optimal Adult Reading: 125
TOTAL BILIRUBIN- Elevated in liver disease, mononucleosis, hemolytic anemia, low levels of exposure to the sun, and toxic effects to some drugs, decreased levels are seen in people with an inefficient liver, excessive fat digestion, and possibly a diet low in nitrogen bearing foods Normal Adult Range 0 - 1.3 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: .6 5 | |
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عدد المساهمات : 572 السٌّمعَة : 1 تاريخ الميلاد : 08/02/1988 تاريخ التسجيل : 28/05/2011 العمر : 36 الموقع : The Earth
| موضوع: رد: common lab valuea الأربعاء 17 أغسطس 2011 - 7:56 | |
| :- B.U.N. (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Increases can be caused by excessive protein intake, kidney damage, certain drugs, low fluid intake, intestinal bleeding, exercise or heart failure. Decreased levels may be due to a poor diet, malabsorption, liver damage or low nitrogen intake. Normal Adult Range: 7 - 25 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 16 mg/DL
CREATININE - Low levels are sometimes seen in kidney damage, protein starvation, liver disease or pregnancy. Elevated levels are sometimes seen in kidney disease due to the kidneys job of excreting creatinine, muscle degeneration, and some drugs involved in impairment of kidney function,
Congestive heart failure
Normal Adult Range: 0 .7 - 1.4 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.05
Discussion
Creatinine is formed in muscles from creatine, which is formed in the liver. It is a substance that in health is easily excreted by the kidney. Because all Creatinine filtered by the kidneys is excreted into the urine, its levels at any given time interval are ***************alent to the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).
URIC ACID - High levels are noted in gout, infections, kidney disease, alcoholism, high protein diets, and with toxemia in pregnancy. Low levels may be indicative of kidney disease, malabsorption, poor diet, liver damage or an overly acid kidney. Normal Adult Female Range: 2.5 - 7.5 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Female Reading: 5.0 Normal Adult Male Range: 3.5 - 7.5 mg/dl Optimal Adult Male Reading:5.5
BUN/CREATININE - This calculation is a good measurement of kidney and liver function. Normal Adult Range: 6 -25 (calculated) Optimal Adult Reading: 15.5
Protein:- TOTAL PROTEIN - Decreased levels may be due to poor nutrition, liver disease, malabsorption, diarrhea, or severe burns. Increased levels are seen in lupus, liver disease, chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia, tuberculosis amongst many others. Normal Adult Range: 6.0 -8.5 g/dl Optimal Adult Reading: 7.25
ALBUMIN- major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). High levels are seen in liver disease (rarely) , shock, dehydration, or multiple myeloma. Lower levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas or hypocalcaemia Normal Adult Range: 3.2 - 5.0 g/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 4.1
GLOBULIN - Globulins have many diverse functions such as, the carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE). Elevated levels are seen with chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas, and lupus are present, . Lower levels in immune compromised patients, poor dietary habits, malabsorption and liver or kidney disease. Normal Adult Range: 2.2 - 4.2 g/dl (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.2
A/G RATIO (Albumin/Globulin Ratio) Normal Adult Range: 0.8 - 2.0 (calculated)
Optimal Adult Reading: 1.9
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عدد المساهمات : 572 السٌّمعَة : 1 تاريخ الميلاد : 08/02/1988 تاريخ التسجيل : 28/05/2011 العمر : 36 الموقع : The Earth
| موضوع: رد: common lab valuea الأربعاء 17 أغسطس 2011 - 7:57 | |
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[center][b] Lipids:-
CHOLESTEROL - High density lipoproteins (HDL) is desired as opposed to the low density lipoproteins (LDL), two types of cholesterol. Elevated cholesterol has been seen in arthrosclerosis, diabetes, hypothyroidism, pancreatic dysfunction and pregnancy. Low levels are seen in depression, malnutrition, liver insufficiency, malignancies, anemia, Hyperthyroidism and infection.
Normal Adult Range: 120 - 240 mg/dl
Optimal Range: 185-200 mg/d
l
Discussion
Cholesterol is an important part of our diet. It is essential to the proper function and structure of cell membranes. Bile acids are derived from cholesterol. The liver, adrenals, sex glands, intestines, and even the placenta, manufacture cholesterol. Cholesterol is best used as an indicator of other metabolic dysfunction. Should not be considered a disease by itself unless extreme, which indicates familial cause. Check triglycerides and HDL/LDL. Cholesterol is increased with endocrine hypo function. Low levels are not necessarily desirable as it is associated with increased incidence of malignancy and mental illness LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) - studies correlate the association between high levels of LDL and arterial arthrosclerosis Normal Adult Range: 62 - 130 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 81 mg/dl
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) - A high level of HDL is an indication of a healthy metabolic system if there is no sign of liver disease or intoxication. Normal Adult Range: 35 - 135 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: +85 mg/dl
Discussion
HDL is comprised of phospholipids and one or two apolipoproteins. It plays a role in the metabolism of other lipoproteins and in the transport of cholesterol to the liver. The HDL is a class of lipoproteins produced by the liver and intestines.A combination of increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL with reduced HDL is indicative of atherogenic tendencies. A diet high in sugar may decrease HDL while increasing total serum cholesterol. TRIGLYCERIDES - Increased levels may be present in atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders, toxemia, and nephrotic syndrome. Decreased levels may be present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, brain infarction, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, and malabsorption. Normal Adult Range: 0 - 200 mg/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 100
CHOLESTEROL / LDL RATIO:- Normal Adult Range: 1 - 6
Optimal Adult Reading: 3.5
Thyroid:- THYROXINE (T4)- Increased levels are found in hyperthyroidism, acute thyroiditis, and hepatitis. Low levels can be found in Cretinism, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, malnutrition, and chronic thyroiditis. Normal Adult Range: 4 - 12 ng/dl
Optimal Adult Reading: 8 ng/dl
Free THYROXINE (T4)- A low level may indicate a diseased thyroid gland or may indicate a non-functioning pituitary gland which is not stimulating the thyroid to produce T4 . If T4 is low and TSH is normal , that is more likely to indicate a problem with the pituitary .
Normal Adult Range: 8-2 ng/dl Free Triiodothyronine (T3) - Sometimes the diseased thyroid gland will start producing very high levels of T3 but still produce normal level of T4. Therefore measurement of both hormones provides an even more accurate evaluation of thyroid function. Normal Adult Range1.4-4.4 pg/ml
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) - produced by the anterior pituitary gland, causes the release and distribution of stored thyroid hormones. When T4 and T3 are too high, TSH secretion decreases, when T4 and T3 are low, TSHsecretion increases. Mid–rangenormal in most labs is about 1.7. A high level of TSH combined with a low or normal T4 level generally indicates hypothyroidism, which can have an effect on fertility. Normal Adult Range: .0.4-4.0 mlU/l
Cardiac:- Creatine phosphokinase (CK) - Levels rise 4 to 8 hours after an acute MI, peaking at 16 to 30 hours and returning to baseline within 4 days 25-200 U/L 32-150 U/L CK-MB CK isoenzyme - It begins to increase 6 to 10 hours after an acute MI, peaks in 24 hours, and remains elevated for up to 72 hours. < 12 IU/L if total CK is <400 IU/L <3.5% of total CK if total CK is >400 IU/L (LDH) Lactate dehydrogenase - Total (LDH) will begin to rise 2 to 5 days after an MI; the elevation can last 10 days. 140-280 U/L SGOT - will begin to rise in 8-12 hours and peak in 18-30 hours 10-42 U/L
GLUCOSE
Optimal Range: 85-100 mg/DL
Causes of Increased
· Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance syndromes
· Thiamine (B<sub>1) insufficiency
· Stress
· Acute and chronic pancreatitis
· Drugs (anabolic and glucocorticoids, epinephrine, , diuretics,)
Causes of Decreased Excess insulin (insulinoma, over dosage) Impaired glucose tolerance (post-prandial) Late/large malignancies Endocrine hypo function (thyroid, adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary) Protein malnutrition Sometimes in pregnancy Liver dysfunction After gastric surgeries (altered gastric emptying) IRON Optimal Range: 75-150 mg/ml
Causes of Increased Ineffective erythropoiesis (thalassemias, sideroblastic) Intra-vascular hemolysis Liver disease (alcohol, portocaval shunts) Excessive iron intake Causes of Decreased Iron deficiency (low ferritin level; nutritional, blood loss, , small bowel disease, increased demand) Chronic disease (liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, etc.) Discussion
Iron is known for its relationship to hemoglobin, which transports oxygen. Confirm true iron deficiency before supplementing iron. Never give Iron to someone who has an inflamed liver because this can be toxic. With B<sub>12 or Iron deficiencies, give special consideration to increased occurrence in the elderly. The most important test for iron is the serum ferritin.
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